Reference Guide - Key Terms And Definitions

 COURSE 014 TERMS & DEFINITIONS 

 COURSE 014 REFERENCES 

1. Nieschlag E, Nieschlag S. The history of discovery, synthesis and development of testosterone for clinical use. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019;180(6):R201-R212.

2. Freeman ER, Bloom DA, McGuire EJ. A brief history of testosterone. J Urol. 2001;165(2):371-373.

3. Kanayama G, Pope HG Jr. History and epidemiology of anabolic androgens in athletes and nonathletes. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2018;464:4-13. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.039

4. Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(5):1715-1744. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-00229

5. Mulhall JP, Trost LW, Brannigan RE, et al. Evaluation and management of testosterone deficiency: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2018;200(2):423-432. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2018.03.115

6. American College of Physicians Clinical Guidelines Committee. Testosterone treatment in adult men with age-related low testosterone: a clinical guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(2):126-133. doi:10.7326/M19-0882

7. European Association of Urology. EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health: Male Hypogonadism. Updated edition.

8. De Silva NL, Papanikolaou N, Grossmann M, et al. Male hypogonadism: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024;12(10):761-774. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00199-2

9. Bhasin S, Snyder PJ. Testosterone Treatment in Middle-Aged and Older Men with Hypogonadism. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(6):581-591. doi:10.1056/NEJMra2404637

10. Grossmann M, Matsumoto AM. A perspective on middle-aged and older men with functional hypogonadism: focus on holistic management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(3):1067-1075.

11. Khera M, Torres LO, Grober ED, et al. Male hypogonadism: recommendations from the Fifth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine. Sex Med Rev. 2025;13(4):548-573.

12. Anawalt BD. Diagnosis and management of anabolic androgenic steroid use. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(7):2490-2500. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01806

13. Handelsman DJ. Androgen misuse and abuse. Endocr Rev. 2021;42(4):457-501. doi:10.1210/endrev/bnab001

14. Bonnecaze AK, O’Connor T, Burns CA. Harm reduction in male patients actively using anabolic androgenic steroids and performance-enhancing drugs: a review. J Gen Intern Med. 2021;36(7):2055-2064. doi:10.1007/s11606-021-06751-3

15. Bonnecaze AK, O’Connor T, Aloi JA. Characteristics and attitudes of men using anabolic androgenic steroids: a survey of 2385 men. Am J Mens Health. 2020;14(6):1557988320966536. doi:10.1177/1557988320966536

16. Pope HG Jr, Wood RI, Rogol A, Nyberg F, Bowers L, Bhasin S. Adverse health consequences of performance-enhancing drugs: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev. 2014;35(3):341-375.

17. Kanayama G, Brower KJ, Wood RI, Hudson JI, Pope HG Jr. Anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence: an emerging disorder. Addiction. 2009;104(12):1966-1978.

18. Rahnema CD, Lipshultz LI, Crosnoe LE, Kovac JR, Kim ED. Anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism: diagnosis and treatment. Fertil Steril. 2014;101(5):1271-1279.

19. Solanki P, Gilbert K, Pugh PJE. Physical, psychological and biochemical recovery from anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism: a scoping review. Endocr Connect. 2023;12(12).

20. Smit DL, Verdegaal T, Bond P, de Ronde W. Approach to the Young Male Patient Who Abuses Androgens: Harm Reduction as a Clinical Strategy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2025;111(1):e292-e297. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf496.

21. Shankara-Narayana N, Yu C, Savkovic S, et al. Rate and Extent of Recovery from Reproductive and Cardiac Dysfunction Due to Androgen Abuse in Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(6):1827-1839.

22. Wenker EP, Dupree JM, Langille GM, et al. The Use of HCG-Based Combination Therapy for Recovery of Spermatogenesis after Testosterone Use. J Sex Med. 2015;12(6):1334-1337. doi:10.1111/jsm.12890.

23. Stocks BT, Oppenheimer AG, Campbell KJ, et al. Optimal restoration of spermatogenesis after testosterone therapy using human chorionic gonadotropin and follicle-stimulating hormone. Fertil Steril. 2025;123(4):607-615. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2024.10.019

24. Smit DL, de Ronde W. Aromatase inhibitors as a potential harm reduction strategy for selected men at risk of turning to illicit testosterone. Perform Enhanc Health. 2025;13:100060. doi:10.1016/j.peh.2025.100060.

25. Baggish AL, Weiner RB, Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Lu MT, Hoffmann U, Pope HG Jr. Cardiovascular toxicity of illicit anabolic-androgenic steroid use. Circulation. 2017;135(21):1991-2002.

26. Windfeld-Mathiasen J, Heerfordt IM, Dalhoff KP, et al. Cardiovascular Disease in Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Users. Circulation. 2025;151(12):828-834.

27. Fadah K, Gopi G, Lingireddy A, Blumer V, Dewald T, Mentz RJ. Anabolic androgenic steroids and cardiomyopathy: an update. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1214374.

28. Herlitz LC, Markowitz GS, Farris AB, et al. Development of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis after anabolic steroid abuse. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(1):163-172.

29. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(suppl 1):S27-S49.

30. Jones DW, Ferdinand KC, Taler SJ, et al. 2025 AHA/ACC/AANP/AAPA/ABC/ACCP/ACPM/AGS/AMA/ASPC/NMA/PCNA/SGIM Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025;86(18):1567-1678.

31. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int. 2024;105(4S):S117-S314. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.018.

32. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: executive summary. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(24):3168-3209. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.002

33. Reyes-Soffer G, Ginsberg HN, Berglund L, et al. Lipoprotein(a): A genetically determined, causal, and prevalent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2022;42:e48-e60.

34. Budoff MJ, Shaw LJ, Liu ST, et al. Long-term prognosis associated with coronary artery calcium scoring. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(18):1860-1870.

35. Bond P, Verdegaal T, Smit DL. Testosterone therapy-induced erythrocytosis: can phlebotomy be justified? Endocr Connect. 2024;13(10):e240283. doi:10.1530/EC-24-0283.

36. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Prostate Cancer Early Detection. Version 2.2026. February 18, 2026.

37. US Preventive Services Task Force. Colorectal cancer: screening. JAMA. 2021;325(19):1965-1977.

38. US Preventive Services Task Force. Breast cancer: screening. JAMA. 2024;331(22):1916-1925.

39. Lincoff AM, Bhasin S, Flevaris P, et al. Cardiovascular safety of testosterone-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(2):107-117.

40. Bhasin S, Travison TG, Pencina KM, et al. Prostate safety events during testosterone replacement therapy in men with hypogonadism: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(12):e2348692.

41. Snyder PJ, Bauer DC, Ellenberg SS, et al. Testosterone treatment and fractures in men with hypogonadism. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(3):203-211.

42. Pencina KM, Travison TG, Artz AS, et al. Efficacy of testosterone replacement therapy in correcting anemia in men with hypogonadism: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(10):e2340030.

43. Shoskes JJ, Wilson MK, Spinner ML. Pharmacology of testosterone replacement therapy preparations. Transl Androl Urol. 2016;5(6):834-843. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.07.10

44. Spratt DI, Stewart II, Savage C, et al. Subcutaneous injection of testosterone is an effective and preferred alternative to intramuscular injection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(7):2349-2355. doi:10.1210/jc.2017-00359

45. Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc. AVEED® (testosterone undecanoate) injection, for intramuscular use: Prescribing Information. Malvern, PA: Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc; 2025.

46. Swerdloff RS, Wang C, White WB, et al. A New Oral Testosterone Undecanoate Formulation Restores Testosterone to Normal Concentrations in Hypogonadal Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(8):2515-2531. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa238

47. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. JATENZO (testosterone undecanoate) capsules prescribing information. Clarus Therapeutics Inc; 2019. Updated periodically.

48. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. TLANDO (testosterone undecanoate) capsules prescribing information. Antares Pharma Inc; 2022.

49. Van Wagoner RM, Eichner A, Bhasin S, Deuster PA, Eichner D. Chemical composition and labeling of substances marketed as selective androgen receptor modulators and sold via the internet. JAMA. 2017;318(20):2004-2010.

50. Grundlingh J, Dargan PI, El-Zanfaly M, Wood DM. 2,4-dinitrophenol: a weight loss agent with significant acute toxicity and risk of death. J Med Toxicol. 2011;7(3):205-212.

51. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA In Brief: FDA Warns Against Using SARMs In Body-Building Products. October 31, 2017.

52. Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division. Controlled Substances by CSA Schedule. U.S. Department of Justice; 2026. Available at: https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/

53. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Issues Class-Wide Labeling Changes For Testosterone Products. February 28, 2025.

54. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. HHS and DEA extend telemedicine flexibilities for prescription of controlled medications through December 31, 2026. Published January 2, 2026.

55. World Anti-Doping Agency. The Prohibited List: International Standard. World Anti-Doping Agency; 2026.

56. Handelsman DJ. Global trends in testosterone prescribing, 2000-2011: expanding the spectrum of prescription drug misuse. Med J Aust. 2013;199(8):548-551.

57. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA takes step forward on testosterone therapy for men. Published April 16, 2026.

58. Davis SR, Baber R, Panay N, et al. Global consensus position statement on the use of testosterone therapy for women. Climacteric. 2019;22(5):429-434.